求大学英语综合教程三（上海外语教育出版社的）的课文翻译及课后习题答案~ 跪求新视野大学英语第3册（第二版）课后翻译答案！！！

小编今天整理了一些求大学英语综合教程三（上海外语教育出版社的）的课文翻译及课后习题答案~ 跪求新视野大学英语第3册（第二版）课后翻译答案！！！相关内容，希望能够帮到大家。

本文目录一览：

• 1、求大学英语综合教程三（上海外语教育出版社的）的课文翻译及课后习题答案~
• 2、跪求新视野大学英语第3册（第二版）课后翻译答案！！！
• 3、大学英语听说教程3答案

求大学英语综合教程三（上海外语教育出版社的）的课文翻译及课后习题答案~

我先给你一二单元的课后翻译吧，其余的我现在还找不到，找到的话再给你。不知道你要哪个版本，我这个是新视野的。
unit 1
1. 无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。(no matter how)
No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception.
2. 就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。(just as)
Just as all his sister's friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them.
3. 汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。(track down)

Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles.
4. 老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。(tell on)
If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won't say a word to you any more.
5. 有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。(on one's own)
Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children.
6. 现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。(reckon with)
Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: How to get the necessary finances to establish the company.
1. When someone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is superior or inferior, it is proper to say "Thank you".
每当有人帮了你，无论事情大小，无论他地位高低，你都就当对他说声"谢谢"。
2. The invention of the steam engine changed ships just as it had changed land transport.
蒸气机的发明使船舶发生了变化，正如其已经改变了陆地运输一样。
3. Though the manager did his best to help, he was still unable to track down the source of the problem.
尽管经理努力帮忙，他还是不能找到问题的根源所在。
4. The girl, whose life revolved around her brother, had no difficulty working out what she should do to please him.
这个女孩的生活天天围着哥哥转，完全明白该做什么来使哥哥高兴。
5. If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want.
这个女孩的生活天天围着哥哥转，完全明白该做什么来使哥哥高兴。
6. Jimmy had his sister to help him get through the painful days alone without his father.
吉米有他妹妹帮助他度过那些没有父亲的艰难日子。
unit 2
1. 被告是位年仅30 岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪。(Use an appositive)
The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence.
2. 总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。(Use an absolute structure)
All things considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron.
3. 正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。(interfere with)
No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion.
4. 考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。(advisable)
Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance.
5. 服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。(throw up)
If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctor as soon as possible.
6. 总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。(sum up)
Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem.

1. As a way to remedy iron deficiency, experts recommend meat, chicken and fish, the best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body.
作为补救缺铁的一种办法，专家推荐食用肉、鸡和鱼，它们是最好的铁质来源，也是唯一最容易被身体吸收的铁质来源。
2. Iron reserves gone to zero, you feel weak, tired and out of breath, which is the typical symptom of the third stage of iron deficiency.
铁质储量为零时，你会觉得虚弱，疲乏无力，喘不过气，这是缺铁第三阶段的典型症状。
3. Endurance athletes, particularly females, who frequently have iron deficiency, may bounce back if they consume additional meat or take iron supplements.
耐力运动员，尤其是女性，经常会缺铁，如果增食肉类食物或服用铁质补剂，能够恢复到健康状态。
4. According to the sports medicine expert, it is advisable for those who suffer from fatigue and poor performance to eat red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.
这位运动医学专家认为，感到劳累、工作效率差的人，最好食用牛肉、羊肉，它们含有最易被吸收的铁质。
5. People with low iron reserves should consult a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying their diet or by taking supplements.
铁质储量低的人应该去咨询医生，看看是否应通过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足。
6. In general, if you ignore the amount of iron you take in and do not pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you will be in trouble.
一般说来，如果你忽视自己摄入的铁质含量，不在铁质储备失去之前注意警告信号，你会有危险。

专科路标网

跪求新视野大学英语第3册（第二版）课后翻译答案！！！

unit one

What do you think a man should to do to be a happy person

你认为一个人要做些什么才能成为一个幸福的人

A void has found its way into my heart since she left shanghai to resume a country life last year

自从他去年离开上海去重新过他的农村生活后，我的心里一直很失落

It is never cross my mind that he can win first prize

我甚至没想过他会中奖

I grew up in big city so rat race is not fresh to me

我是在大城市长大的，忙忙碌碌的生活对我不再新鲜

Slowly , a dark void found its way into my heart and began to eat away at my happiness

慢慢地，我心里产生了一种阴暗感，他开始吞噬我的幸福

My father wasn't too keen on the idea of being back in the rat race , but I assured him this time it would be nothing like that

我父亲对回到那种忙忙碌碌的生活不怎么感兴趣，但我向他保证这次绝对会有所不同

As fate would have it ,my life would soon change again ,and in a very big way

像是命运的安排，我的生活马上又发生了变化而且变化很大

While my surroundings were different and strange ,they were also exciting and fun

我的环境不一样了，它既很陌生，但有激动人心很有趣

unit two

1. Teaching is an important profession—a fascinating one, filled with challenges and excitement.

教书时一个重要的职业-一个令人神往的职业，充满挑战和激情

2. If the great scientist were still alive today, he would no doubt expand his definition to include the latest research findings.

如果这位科学为人还活着的话，毫无疑问他会扩充它的定义，把新的研究成果包括进来

3. The best way to solve disputes between countries is through the United Nations.

解决过与国之间的争端最好的办法是通过联合国

4. Goods produced by big factories are taking the place of the goods produced by small workshops.

大工厂生产的产品在替代小工厂生产的产品

Advertising is part literature ,part show business

1. 广告业是宣传印刷，是艺术，也是娱乐。

Advertising can be found as the public criers of ancient Greece -who ,for a fee .shouted out messages about a company's products to one and all

2. 广告业可以追溯到古希腊街头巷尾叫卖的小贩们——他们大声喊叫，把公司产品的信息传递给每个人，并因此获得一定的费用。

If the definition of advertising as "salesmanship in print "were expanded to include radio and television ,it would still stand today .

3. 如果把“印在纸上的销售艺术” 这一广告定义涵盖到广播和电视，那么这个定义至今仍然成立。

From these modest beginnings , advertising has developed into a highly specialized and profitable business .

4.从这些平凡的开端，广告业发展成了高度专业化和高利润的行业。

unit three

1. The likely consequences of the incident need to be reflected on/upon.

这是可能产生的后果应予以认真考虑

2. He was within an inch of solving the problem.

他差点解决了这问题

3. If you want to transfer your property to someone, you should first make him the legal owner of it.

假如你把财产给他人，须使它成为合法产权人

4. More than ten computers have been stolen since the company moved to this area, so the company decided to take action to stop it.

自从公司迁到这个地区以来，已有数十台电脑被盗，公司决定采取措施制止盗窃

Michael is no run-of-the-mill kind of guy . He is always happy and always has

1. 迈克尔决非等闲之辈，他总是那么乐观，总能看到事物积极的一面。

If an employee had a bad day , Michael would tell him how to look on the positive side of the situation lest they'd continue feeling down

2. 假如某个员工哪一天遇到不顺心的事，迈克尔总是告诉他们如何看待事物积极的一面，以免他们继续感到沮丧。

Each time something bad happens , I can choose to be a victim or choose see it as a type of learning

3. 每当不幸降临时，我可以甘当受害者，也可以把它当成一种学习。

I simply yelled :I'm choose to live ,work on me as if I am alive ,not headed to the grave

4. 我索性吼道：“我要活下去！快救我，把我当活人医治，别把我当成快要死的人！”

unit four

The situation calls for the government's immediate response otherwise ,heavy loss can not be avoided be inevitable

形势要求政府立即做出反应，否则，重大损失将不可避免

Pat felt uneasy when staying with his family he did not know whether or not announce the mews

帕特与家人在一起感到很不自在，他不知道是否应该把这个消息公布出来

At present ,they are conducting the full investigation to make it find out what caused the accident

目前，他们争产开全面调查，以弄清这次事故的原因

We should checked out wether or not his words are true of that is the case we have to make necessary

measures to stop cheating for the exams from happening

我们为你需要查证他所说的是否属实。如果真是如此，我们要采取必要措施，防止考试作弊应为发生

Although gas investigations rarely turn out to be any thing ,we are in the business of safety

尽管煤气检查最后很少是什么大问题，但是我们毕竟是在从事安全工作

I figured it would be the normal nothing call and we drove to the area ,noses alert for the smell of natural gas

我猜这大概又是那种司空见惯的无事电话，我们驱车赶到那个区域，平明用鼻子搜寻天然气的味道

The chief took the suggestion and under his command the evacuation went as smoothy as could be expected

局长采纳了这个建议，在他的指挥下，撤离工作进行得非常顺利

Many of the neighboring building suffered major damage from the explosive force ,including some nearby homes that were moved off their foundations

爆炸历使邻近的很多大楼遭受严重破坏，附近的住房有些被整个掀掉，只剩下了第几

unit five

Life is not always like a fairy tale and you have to live with it

生活不总是像美丽的童话，你得承认这点

They are the smartest young people in Germany--the cream of the crop of their generation

他们是德国最精明能干的年轻人，是他们这一代人的精华

The thing has already been complex ,you'd better not step in again

这件事已经够复杂的，你最好不要再插手了

Thanks to your suggestion ,it did not take long to iron out the difficult

多亏你的建议，没用多长时间就解决了困难

People believe a suitable name can serve as an outline fr a child's future ,helping to determine if the child will be a famous painter or a piano player a lawyer or a landlord

人们相信一个合适的能大致勾勒出孩子的前程，有助于确定这个孩子将来是一位有名的话家或是一名钢琴师，一名律师还是一个房东

All boys in one generation of a family ,the brothers and male cousins , will have the same first part to their name

同一个家族中的所有男孩，无论是亲兄弟还是堂兄弟，他们名字的第一部分是相同的

Finally ,some people name their children after famous rulers or public figure ,like George Washington Carver ,for example ,or even after their favorite soap opera actors on television

最后一些人以有名的统治者社会名人的名字来给他孩子取名，还有人以他们喜爱的肥皂剧来给孩子命名

This is also an issue in Japan , where the government feels children should not be given name that other children will make fun of

命名在日本是个问题，日本政府认为人们应该避免给孩子去一些会被其他孩子取笑的名字

大学英语听说教程3答案

全新版大学英语听说教程答案第三册(2009-05-12 09:28:48)标签：杂谈 分类：听说教程答案
Part B

Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3.b
Exercise 2:
1. She suggested that her husband spend more time with his mother. She said to her husband, "Life is too short, but you need to spend time with the people you love. You probably won't believe me, but I know you love her and I think that if the two of you spend more time together , it will make us closer."
2. 1) ...she was waiting by the door with her coat on and she had her hair curled. 2) She had told her lady friends about this.
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. d
Exercise 2: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
Part C
1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. d

Unit 2
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c
Exercise 2:
1984 / son / medical school / tuition / afford it / realize / newspaper ads / extra business / advertisement / succeeded / agent / changed / phone call / put aside / doing / immediately / familiar / father-in-law's / visited / his father-in-law alive / coincidence.
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F
Exercise 2:
1. He was intrigued.
2. A bank statement.
3. his father-in-law had put an amount of money in the bank for his grandchildren's education.
4. A little over $15,000.
5. He could use the money to cover the tuition of his first year at a medical college.
6. He is a doctor in Illinois.
Part C
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T

Unit 3
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3.a
Exercise 2:
1. Because she wanted to understand each other's expectations so that potential problems could be avoided and they could live happily together.
2. Cleaning up. Everything must be cleaned up and put away before going to bed.
3. Sleeping. Time for bed: 11pm; time to get up: 6:30am except on weekends.
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. F 2.F 3.T 4.T
Exercise 2:
1. One rule says that if they get lost for more than five minutes when they are driving, they must stop and ask for directions.
2. Once Tom and Linda got lost when they were driving to a friend's wedding.
3. Linda wanted to stop at a gas station to ask the way, but Tom thought he could figure it out.
4. As a result, they were late for the wedding because they went in the wrong direction for forty miles.
Part C
1. ...not so special/not extremes
2. a. ...get angry quickly b. ...change themselves...

Unit 4
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3.a
Exercise 2:
Sam has been a police officer for 30 years. He has done everything from patrol to undercover work. He has also done detective work and now he is supervising investigations.
Sam thinks being a police officer is a very stressful job, but it depends on the assignment one has. In his opinion the biggest pert of the stress is the fear of the unknown and patrol is the most stressful assignment.
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
Exercise 2:
1. ... One is an exercise program, another is a psychological program with counseling for officers. And there are several discussion groups as well for officers to sit down and talk about their stress with other officers.
2. 2)...He tries to get some sort of exercise every day. 3)...his personal relationships, especially his relationships with his wife.
Part C
1. d 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. c

Unit 5
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. D
Exercise 2: 1. F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T
Text 2
Exercise 1:
1. Reaching Everybody by Exposing Lies
2. They launched an advertising campaign to call on youth to fight against tobacco companies by starting the "Not fro Sale" commercial on television and radio.
3. They intend to spread the message that teenagers no longer want to be targeted by tobacco companies in their advertisements.
Exercise 2: 1. c 2.a 3.c 4.c 5.b
Part C
Skatescooter
· Mostly made in Switzerland
· In 1999
· Not until it was popular in Japan
· For sport; for transportation from home to the underground or from a bus stop to the office
· a variety of people, from students to business executives
· Can be folded up without difficulty and is easy to carry about

Unit 6
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. C
Exercise 2:
Leaves are Nature's food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots and carbon dioxide from the air. Then leaves turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. This process is called photosynthesis. Leaves are mostly green because chlorophyll is green. As a matter of fact, there are, in leaves, small amounts of yellow and orange all along, but they are covered up by the green chlorophyll in summer. They show up in fall as chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, due to the decline of photosynthesis. The bright reds and purples we see in leaves of trees like maples are made mostly in fall. The brown color of trees like oaks is made from wastes left in the leaves.
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. C 2. B
Exercise 2:
1. They are leaf pigments, length of night, and weather.
2. It is the steadily increasing length of night.
3. They change their colors at the same time no matter whether they are on a high mountain or in warm lowlands because the timing of color change seems to be genetically inherited.
4. It is because their needle-like or scale-like foliage is covered with a heavy wax coating and the liquid inside their cells contains cold-resistant elements.
5. In the Arctic because the winter there is too cold.
Part C
Exercise: 1. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.T
Unit 7
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. B 2. C
Exercise 2: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. B
Exercise 2:
1. Because she was afraid Krimali might not be able to catch her.
2. Because she thought the bed sheets could somehow protect the baby from being hurt if she failed to catch her.
3. Because they were afraid of the swaying ceiling.
4. to make it easier and safer for people to get down.
5. About two dozen were saved.
Part C
Exercise: 1. A 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.A

Unit 8
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. B 2. A 3. D
Exercise 2: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. D
Exercise 2:
A
...a positive factor...
...no serious issues...
...not a significant factor.
...not affected their lives.
...at least a small disadvantage and a minor source of frustration in their lives.
B
Basic skills like learning to write, learning to use scissors and other hand tools and utensils, and learning various crafts and other activities
Instructors and instructions ...
Part C
at 12 weeks both hands
by 24 weeks both hands
by 36 weeks left hand
between 40 and 44 weeks right hand
at 48 weeks left hand
between 52 and 56 weeks right hand
at 80 weeks both hands
at the age of two right hand
between two and a half and three years both hands
by the age of eight ...

Unit 9
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1:
1. In Mr. Andrew Song's office
2. Boss and secretary.
3. For an appointment with Mr. Andrew Song.
Exercise 2: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c
Exercise 2:
Purpose of meeting: to discuss the causes for the decline in profits
Time: 10:00 am
Chair: Bernard
Speaker: Sam Canning
Position: Chief Sales Executive
The main points of his talk:
1. Sales are down but not by too much
2. The budget for sales hasn't increased even with inflation
3. The products are old.
Part C
technical feature: ...--almost the same
Price: ...10 to 15% more expensive than B products
Market share: A--smaller but growing / B--larger at present
Fame: A products are less well known than B products
Prospect: A-- has more potential to survive future commercial pressures as it has a technical lead in research, good design and good marketing strategy.
B-- will probably be unable to keep its present status
Decision reached: To invest in A

Unit

Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. B 2. C 3. C
Exercise 2: 1. B 2. B 3. ACEFHIJ
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. B
Exercise 2:
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T
Part C
1. employment agency
2. job-matching
3. broke down
4. essential
5. frustrated
6. There on the terminal screens appeared a single sentence typed in by an annoyed counselor.
7. Before the laughter in the office could die down the computers blinked and sent back into action.
8. It seemed that the power of the Middle East extended far beyond the oil fields.

Unit 11
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. C 2. D
Exercise 2:
1. popcorn
2. successful
3. $20 million
4. soft drinks
5. ice cream
6. three
7. four
8. box office
9. half the money
10. 69%
11. 89%
12. a little over 3p
13. $4
14. $3.95
15. 100% more

Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. B 2. C 3. D
Exercise 2:
1. falling from
2. swimming
3. driving
4. setting fire
5. fights
6. from 50 meters
7. 35 meters/exploring helicopter/train/tunnel
Part C
1. dialogue 1
1.c 2. b
2. dialogue 2
1. d 2.d
3. dialogue 3
D
Unit 12
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. B 2. B 3. D
Exercise 2:
1. midnight/31,2001/new notes (new currency)
2. 300 million/ changing their old currencies/15 million/ 52 million/ 646 million/ 568 million
3. greater Europe/ stronger, wealthier
4. championed/ peace and secruity
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3. c
Exercise 2:
1. when economic conditions are right
2. the polls showed that many Britons oppose the euro and see it as harming Britain's sovereignty.
3. because as very small retail outlets they don't have the facilities for changing currencies.
4. 6.55 billion euros
Part C
PAY TO THE ORDER OF Cash $ 150
One Hundred and Fifty ---- EUROS ONLY

Unit 13
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. C 2. B
Exercise 2:
In the 20th century there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. One is the steady state theory, and the other, the big bang theory. According to the former, the universe has always existed and will exist forever. If this view were correct, the universe should have looked the same millions of years ago as it looks now. but astronomers have found that the old universe did not look the same as it does now. therefore, the steady state theory does not seem to be correct.
The big bang theory states that the universe began in a massive explosion at a single point in space about 15 million years ago. If the statement were right, there should exist in the universe the cosmic background radiation from the explosion. Researchers have found evidence for its existence. In the 1960s, while studying radio signals from the Milky Way. researchers at Bell Labs found their work experiencing interference from every direction. They discovered that the interference turned out to be the cosmic background radiation . So the big bang theory appears to be the correct.

Text 2
Exercise 1:
1. expanding
2. gravity/ initial explosion/ in motion
3. density/ matter/ universe
Exercise 2:
1. c 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. c
Part C
1. Space telescope/ astronomers/ 13
2. eight million light-years
3. universe / young
4. 81/ in detail/ 13/ fragments
5. orbits/ disturbed/ gravitational pull
6. less/ a billion/ short
7. big massive/ smaller ones

Unit 14
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1:
1. The advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.
2. genetically engineered foods may be dangerous to eat.
3. Carry out enough tests to ensure that genetically engineered foods are safe to eat.
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. c
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
Exercise 2:
1. genetic/ produce/ rot/ less
2. process/ genes/ laboratory/ disastrous
3. negative/ genetic screening/ predict/ have
4. meaningless/ cure/ disease
5. hereditary disease/ carefully (twice)/ children
6. eugenics/ new/ harmful/ criminality
7. /
8. hair/ job/ hair/ medical/ refuse/ disease/ long
9. absurd
Part C
1. Fields of God.
2. On June 8 or 9.
3. A mystery illness threatening the world.
4. Genetically modified wheat.
5. impossible.
6. he had changed his stand (tune).
7. Anti-GM hysteria.

Unit 15
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3. c
Exercise 2:
disadvantages:
1. equal pay
2. small/ top executives
3. higher/ family/ jobs
advantages:
1. middle management
2. part time jobs
3.
a. six/ pay
b. pension/ three or more
c. quality/ education
d. legal/ state
appearance:
elegantly/ soft/ stylish/ silk/ nails/ makeup/ jewelry
capability:
negotiating/ much/ male

Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. D 2. B
Exercise 2: 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T
Part C
1.b 2.c 3.d 4.a 5.a

Unit 16
Part B
Text 1
Exercise 1: 1. a 2. c
Exercise 2: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F
Text 2
Exercise 1: 1. A 2. B
Exercise 2:
1. The fuse went and the house was in total darkness. She realized she could no longer depend on Jim to fix things for her.
2. Because everybody else looked so young.
3. An old woman was also signing up for a class there to learn something new.
4. He did not seem to be happy.
5. Helen was totally changed and looked fantastic.
Part C
dialogue I
1. d 2. b 3. c
dialogue II
1. a 2. d

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